Agents targeting the immune system have been a historical standard of care in metastatic
renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but have largely been supplanted by newer targeted therapy.
Recent insights into the regulation of an anti-tumor immune response has led to the
development of agents that can activate immune responses primarily within the tumor,
enabling the possibility of achieving durable tumor response in the absence of significant
systemic toxicity. In addition, a better understanding of tumor immunology has raised the …